Damages from earthquakes to infrastrcture can be detected directly, e.g. by mapping collapsed buildings in optical data to derive rapid response products. Use of SAR interferograms enables to identify geotectonic shifts. Modelling enables to identify hotspot areas.
EO is able to extract information about subsurface geology, including near surface features, lithology features, and linear disturbance features (faults & discontinuities). Concerning monitoring of mineral extraction EO supports by mapping ground surface, illegal activities, mine waste (erosion, land subsistence, biodiversity/habitat loss, destruction & disturbance of ecosystems). Disturbance of ecosystems may happen by carbon seeps from reservoirs or pipelines. Their detection can also be done with EO data.