Users in the public administrations or private organizations using EO to assist environmental or climate change impact policy making decisions i.e, assisting in developing monitoring to evaluate and deliver policy goals, provide assessment of ecosystems, rapid response to major environmental risk events, or those associated health security & care events. These users are largely related with international treaties and hence a strong international collaboration. EO/GI becomes a key data and information to support Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in particular in terms of environmental, climate and health towards SDG 11, SDG 13 Climate Action; SDG 14 Life Below Water; or SDG 15 Life on Land.
Users in health care health-related services include services on site-specific field conditions as well as import phenological timing events, which helps to make predictions for monitoring air quality, forecasting epidemics and diseases, as well as forecasting sunlight exposure.
In recent decades, society has fought communicable diseases with success through treatment and prevention. The Covid-19 pandemic shows that communicable diseases are still a threat to the health of citizens. Spread can gappen very quickly from one country to another. Challenges lie in the (re-)emergence of infectious diseases, antimicobial resistance and vaccine hesitancy. Policies of states focus on surveillance, rapid detection and rapid response.
Monitoring health can be delivered indirectly by monitoring environmental changes that can cause endemic and chronic diseases. Typically monitored environmental factors are temperature, humidity, stagnant water, NDVI, land cover, or soil type.