-Uncertainty-related terms, such as error, accuracy, uncertainty, precision, stochastic, probabilistic, deterministic, and random -Difference between uncertainty and vagueness -Dependence of uncertainty on scale and application -Expressions of uncertainty in language -The causes of uncertainty in geospatial data -Stochastic error models for natural phenomena -How the concepts of geographic objects and fields affect the conceptualization of uncertainty -Mathematical models of uncertainty: Probability and statistics