- Common-sense views and laymen knowledge of geographic phenomena that contrast with established theories and technologies of geographic information - The impact of geospatial technologies and the geoweb (e.g., digital globes) that allow non-geospatial professionals to create, distribute, and map geographic information - The design, procedures, and results of GIS projects to non-GIS audiences (clients, managers, general public) - Difference between applications that can make use of common-sense principles of geography and those that should not