GI standards, mainly from ISO and OGC are essential nowadays. Moreover also an overview on ICT standards from W3C or OMG are important as well as some understanding of standardization processes. In detail: - Motivation for standards, examples from daily life - Overview on GIS and relevant ICT standardization bodies and selected standards - De jure and De facto standards, obligation, reasons for the usage of standards - Standardization within ISO - Standardization within OGC, relation to ISO - Examples of ISO 191xx standards