This knowledge area considers the organizational and institutional aspects related to GIS&T. The focus of this knowledge area is on the organizations active in the GIS&T domain, and what happens within and between these organizations. The knowledge area is structured around five units. One unit considers the key organizations in the GIS&T domain, covering relevant public sector organizations at different administrative levels as well as organizations in other sectors of society. Among the organizational aspects covered in this knowledge area are all organizational issues related to the implementation, use and management of GI and GIS within organizations. While all topics related to the organizational structures, procedures and management of GI(S) are grouped into one unit, another unit focuses on issues related to the human factor of using GI and GIS, i.e. people, their skills and competencies, and the development and evaluation of these skills and competencies in the context of GIS&T training and education. The knowledge area includes also several inter-organizational and institutional aspects of GIS&T. Particular attention is paid to the concept of geospatial data sharing, which is about the creation of `spatial data` connections and relationships between different organizations in the GIS&T domain. Spatial data infrastructures are developed to promote, facilitate and coordinate the sharing of spatial data among data providers and data users, and consists of several technological and non-technological components. Many related topics are considered in the knowledge area GI and Society (WS), which also addresses several non-technological aspects related to GIS&T. In addition to this, also the knowledge areas `Design and Setup of Geographic Information Systems`, `Geospatial Data" and Web-based GI` include several topics that are closely linked to the topics that are considered in this knowledge area. It can be argued that in order to fully master the knowledge and competencies that are presented in these knowledge areas, also basic knowledge and understanding of the organizational and institutional aspects is required.