- Theories of human perception, cognition, and memory and their ability to model spatial knowledge acquisition (e.g., Marr on vision, Piaget on cognitive development) - Types of mental representations (i.e., analogue, propositional, procedural) - The role of metaphors and image schemata in our understanding of geographic phenomena and geographic tasks - From concepts to data (i.e., data, information, knowledge, and wisdom; transformation of a conceptual model of information for a particular task into a data model; limitations of various information stores (the mind, computers) and means (maps, graphics, and text) for representing geographic information) - Difference between real phenomena, conceptual models, and GIS data representations thereof connections with cartography and maps