A data model is a language that allows the definition of:
the structures that will be used to store the base data;
the integrity constraints that the stored data have to obey at all moments in time;
the computer programs used to manipulate the data.
For relational data models, the structures used to define the database are attributes, tuples, and relations. Computer programs either perform data extraction from the database without altering it, in which case they are termed queries, or they change the database contents, in which case we speak of updates or transactions.
Explain the basic architecture of a GIS, its main components and how these components are related (level 2). Create a simple spatial database given a spatial problem (level 1, 2 and 3).
Explain the basic concepts of data retrieval (attribute and spatial queries) (level 1 and 2).